POS - first pass
Posted: Mon Jul 26, 2010 1:56 pm
Here is the list, some things surely missing, something suspect of being misplaced (preceding *), somethings perhaps requiring a separate group (following *). More generalities about each group eagerly sought.
Group F
Principal use: functions: mark syntactic boundaries
No other uses
li beginning of verb phrase
e beginning of DO
la end of condition
o beginning of imperative (replaces subject and li)
beginning of optative (complete sentence)
end of vocative
en and, coordinate head nouns (only?) (subject and in PP and ‘pi’ phrases)
anu or, coordinate head nouns, VP, sentences, modifiers …
pi right grouping within modifier string
pu unknown function (?)
kin emphasize preceding word (indeed, moreover, …)
Group I
Principal use: interjections, vocal noises outside language proper, though perhaps meaningful.
As noun: the sound, the uttering of the sound
As verb i: to utter the sound, be the sound
As verb t: to utter the sound with the meaningful content DO
As modifier: given to uttering the sound, like the emotions (if any) of the sound
a general person exclamation, useful oral interp practice giving it various
shadings
a a more extended version of a, generally negative, but with strong stress on
second also “Eureka”
a a a laugh
mu general animal sound
derogatory description of human speech: nonsense, Duckspeak, etc.
Group M
Principal use: modals, take VP complement in verb position (others?), placing action under condition of some sort.
As noun: the condition/condition force
As verb i = modal
As verb t: variable – see separate entries
As modifiers: under force of
wile strong force driving toward: must, need, ought
kan no strong force against: can, may
kama come to (become, happen, not arrive at)
*open begin, open
*pini end, finish
*awen keep on, continue
Group P
Principal use: prepositions: take NP complement in all positions (?)
As noun: general class of the complement, details at specific entry
As verb i: to be or be in the process of fulfilling the prepositional placement (special
interps for missing complements)
As verb t: cause DO to be subject of verb i.
As modifier: given to verb i
tawa to, toward
tan from
lon at
sama same
Group A
Principal use: modifiers (adjectives, adverbs)
As nouns: the property, something with that property
As verb i: has the property
As verb t: cause DO to be subject of verb i
ala not
ale/ali all
ante different
ike bad
jaki vile
jelo yellow
kiwen hard
lete cold
lili little
laso blue
loje red
moli dead
mute much
nasa unusual
*ni this
pimeja dark
pona good
*seme what?
*sewi high
sin new
suli big
suwi sweet
*taso only
*tu two
walo white
*wan one
Group N
Principal use: nouns
As verb i: to be a specimen of (either literally or figuratively – caution about culture
here)
As verb t: to make DO subject of verb I; to apply specimen to DO (perhaps two groups)
As modifier: pertaining to (yes, that vague)
akesi reptile, amphibian, small ugly animal
*anpa bottom
*esun shop, market
ijo thing
ilo tool
*insa inside
jan person
*kala fish
kalama noise
*kasi plant
ko goo
kon air
kule color
*kulupu group
*lawa head
len cloth
linja string
lipu sheet
luka arm (foreleg)(problems with all but jan&soweli)
lupa hole
ma land
mama parent
mani wealth
meli female
mije male
*monsi back
mun moon
*namako seasoning (?)
nanpa number
nasin way
nena bump
nimi word
noka (hind) leg (see luka)
oko eye
*pakala harm
palisa rod
pan grain
pipi bug
poka side
poki container
*seli heat
selo skin
sijelo body
*sike circle
*sinpin front
*soweli beast
suno light
*supa surface
telo water
tenpo time
tomo building
uta mouth
*utala conflict
waso bird
wawa power
Group Vt
Principal use: verb t: take e + DO
As nouns: the activity, generic class of DO
As verbs i: assume suppressed generic DO
As modifier: given to the activity
alasa hunt
jo have
*kapisi cut(?)
kepeken use
kute* hear
lukin* see
moku eat
*musi play
olin love
pali make
pana emit
pilin* feel
sitelen draw
sona* know
toki* say
unpa f..k
weka distance
Group Vi
Principal use: verb i:
As nouns: the activity
As verb t: cause DO to do activity
As modifier: given to activity
lape sleep
Group X
Principal use: pronouns: nouns of a contextually determined meaning
As verb i: identification
As modifier: possessive
mi 1st, speaker and those for whom speaks, I, we, me, us
sina 2nd, audience, you
ona anaphoric 3rd same as some earlier noun reference
ni deictic, words or things pointed to in context.
Group F
Principal use: functions: mark syntactic boundaries
No other uses
li beginning of verb phrase
e beginning of DO
la end of condition
o beginning of imperative (replaces subject and li)
beginning of optative (complete sentence)
end of vocative
en and, coordinate head nouns (only?) (subject and in PP and ‘pi’ phrases)
anu or, coordinate head nouns, VP, sentences, modifiers …
pi right grouping within modifier string
pu unknown function (?)
kin emphasize preceding word (indeed, moreover, …)
Group I
Principal use: interjections, vocal noises outside language proper, though perhaps meaningful.
As noun: the sound, the uttering of the sound
As verb i: to utter the sound, be the sound
As verb t: to utter the sound with the meaningful content DO
As modifier: given to uttering the sound, like the emotions (if any) of the sound
a general person exclamation, useful oral interp practice giving it various
shadings
a a more extended version of a, generally negative, but with strong stress on
second also “Eureka”
a a a laugh
mu general animal sound
derogatory description of human speech: nonsense, Duckspeak, etc.
Group M
Principal use: modals, take VP complement in verb position (others?), placing action under condition of some sort.
As noun: the condition/condition force
As verb i = modal
As verb t: variable – see separate entries
As modifiers: under force of
wile strong force driving toward: must, need, ought
kan no strong force against: can, may
kama come to (become, happen, not arrive at)
*open begin, open
*pini end, finish
*awen keep on, continue
Group P
Principal use: prepositions: take NP complement in all positions (?)
As noun: general class of the complement, details at specific entry
As verb i: to be or be in the process of fulfilling the prepositional placement (special
interps for missing complements)
As verb t: cause DO to be subject of verb i.
As modifier: given to verb i
tawa to, toward
tan from
lon at
sama same
Group A
Principal use: modifiers (adjectives, adverbs)
As nouns: the property, something with that property
As verb i: has the property
As verb t: cause DO to be subject of verb i
ala not
ale/ali all
ante different
ike bad
jaki vile
jelo yellow
kiwen hard
lete cold
lili little
laso blue
loje red
moli dead
mute much
nasa unusual
*ni this
pimeja dark
pona good
*seme what?
*sewi high
sin new
suli big
suwi sweet
*taso only
*tu two
walo white
*wan one
Group N
Principal use: nouns
As verb i: to be a specimen of (either literally or figuratively – caution about culture
here)
As verb t: to make DO subject of verb I; to apply specimen to DO (perhaps two groups)
As modifier: pertaining to (yes, that vague)
akesi reptile, amphibian, small ugly animal
*anpa bottom
*esun shop, market
ijo thing
ilo tool
*insa inside
jan person
*kala fish
kalama noise
*kasi plant
ko goo
kon air
kule color
*kulupu group
*lawa head
len cloth
linja string
lipu sheet
luka arm (foreleg)(problems with all but jan&soweli)
lupa hole
ma land
mama parent
mani wealth
meli female
mije male
*monsi back
mun moon
*namako seasoning (?)
nanpa number
nasin way
nena bump
nimi word
noka (hind) leg (see luka)
oko eye
*pakala harm
palisa rod
pan grain
pipi bug
poka side
poki container
*seli heat
selo skin
sijelo body
*sike circle
*sinpin front
*soweli beast
suno light
*supa surface
telo water
tenpo time
tomo building
uta mouth
*utala conflict
waso bird
wawa power
Group Vt
Principal use: verb t: take e + DO
As nouns: the activity, generic class of DO
As verbs i: assume suppressed generic DO
As modifier: given to the activity
alasa hunt
jo have
*kapisi cut(?)
kepeken use
kute* hear
lukin* see
moku eat
*musi play
olin love
pali make
pana emit
pilin* feel
sitelen draw
sona* know
toki* say
unpa f..k
weka distance
Group Vi
Principal use: verb i:
As nouns: the activity
As verb t: cause DO to do activity
As modifier: given to activity
lape sleep
Group X
Principal use: pronouns: nouns of a contextually determined meaning
As verb i: identification
As modifier: possessive
mi 1st, speaker and those for whom speaks, I, we, me, us
sina 2nd, audience, you
ona anaphoric 3rd same as some earlier noun reference
ni deictic, words or things pointed to in context.